Complete biography of Jawaharlal Nehru (personal and political life)

In the galaxy of freedom fighters in India Nehru stands next to Gandhi and has been called the architect of Modern India. He was one of those who pioneered the concepts of complete independence, socialism and Indian Constituent Assembly. Nehru had so completely identified himself with India's struggle for freedom that if there is any Indian other than Gandhi about whom it can be said that the history of his life is the history of the Indian struggle, it is Jawaharlal Nehru. After independence of the country Nehru completely dominated the Indian politics till his death in 1964.
Jawaharlal Nehru was born on 14 November, 1889 at Allahabad. His father Pt. Motilal Nehru belonged to a Kashmiri Brahmin family who had settled down at Allahabad as a lawyer. He was a popular congress leader, a swarajist and a member of Central Legislative Assembly. He also framed the Nehru Report which sought dominion status for India. Jawahar, the only son of Motilal was educated at Harrow and Cambridge and did Bar-at-law. During his seven years stay in England, Nehru imbibed the traditions of British humanist liberalism whose protagonists were J.S. Mill, G.B. Sahaw, Bertrand Russell etc. On his return from England in 1912, Nehru joined the Allahabad High Court as a barrister, but soon he lost interest in the legal profession. Rather he was attracted towards the national movement.
Nehru made his first appearance at the Congress platform as a delegate to the Bankipore session in 1912. In 1915 he became active in the functioning of the Kisan Sabha of Uttar Pradesh which was estblished by Pt. Modan Mohan Malaviya and became its deputy president in 1918. Nehru's contacts with peasants changed his life style. He changed his dress, his food and entire pattern of life and became one among the common people of India. Nehru began his political activities by his association with the Home Rule Movement. He met Gandhi in December 1916 at the Lucknow congress and came under his spell. It is said if Motilal Nehru was his biological father, Gandhi became his political father. He was deeply affected by the Jallianawala Bagh Tragedy and joined Gandhiji in all his movements.
First, he participated in different movements of the peasants. During his tour through the villages of Uttar Pradesh he came into contact with the peasants and saw their sufferings. He became a champion of the aspirations of the common people. To him the struggle to improve the condition of the people was inseparable from the struggle for independence. He led the peasant movements in Pratapgarh and Faizabad in 1920 and 1921. At the call of Gandhi he joined the Non-co-operation Movement and suffered imprisonment. In 1923 he was appointed General Secretary of the Congress and held this post for seven years. In 1926-27 he went to Europe as well as to Moscow. There he was influenced by socialism. In 1927 at the Madras session of the congress, he proposed certain resolutions concerning the foreign policy of Inida. From that time onwards, he became involved in framing the foreign policy of future India.
From 1928 Nehru became involved in youth movements and became very polular with them. He also participated in the agitation against the Simon Commission and suffered blows of police lathis. In the Calcutta session of the Congress in 1928, Jawaharlal Nehru and Subash Bose pressed the congress to demand complete independence. The congress, however, passed a resolution demanding Dominion Status. But next year 1929 Jawaharlal Nehru presided over the Congress Session at Lahore. It was under his Presidentship that the congress declared complete Independence for India as its goal in the midnight of 31 December, 1929. In his presidential address there he declared that he believed in building up a Socialist India. Besides, he elaborated the aims of the congress further. He declared that the aims of the congress were freedom of religion, right to form associations, freedom of expression of thought, equality before law for every individual without distinction of caste, colour, creed or religion, protection to regional languages and cultures, safeguarding the interests of the peasants and labour, abolition of untouchability, introduction of adult franchise, imposition of prohibition, natioanalisation of industries establishment of a secular India and all that which India tried to achieve under his leadership after Independence. The congress fixed up all these aims at that very session.
Nehru also palyed a leading role in the Civil Disobedience Movement during 1930- 34 and suffered imprisonment. In 1936, the congress session was held at Lucknow under the Presidentship of Nehru. The congress rejected the Act of 1935. It repeated the demand for a constituent Assembly. However, it decided to participate in the elections to the provincial legislative Assemblies that were held in 1937. In 1938, the congress under his guidance appointed the National Planning Commission which framed the economic policies of future India. He himself was its first President and thus, became responsible for framing the Five Year Plans of Independent India. Like other leaders he also suffered imprisonment for nearly three years in the 1942 'Quit India' Movement. After his release from prison in 1945 Nehru became the leading spokesman of the Indian National Congress in the several negotiations with the British. In 1946, he formed the first Indian (Interim) Government of India and tried to establish commercial harmony and maintain law and order when communal riots broke out in different parts of the country.
Nehru was one of the first nationalist leaders to realise the sufferings of the people in the states ruled by Indian Princes. He suffered imprisonment in Nabha, a Princely state, when h& went there to see the struggle that was being waged by the Akali Sikhs against the corrupt Mahants. The nationalist movement had been confined to the territories under direct British rule. Jawaharlal Nehru helped to make the struggle of the people in the princely states a part of the nationalist movement for freedom. The All India states people's conference was formed in 1927. Nehru who had been supporting the cause of the people of the states for many years was made the President of the All India states people's conference in 1939. He presided over the session in Ludhiana.
Nehru also played a leading role in the development of the internationalist outlook among the Indian people. The cause of freedom and democracy in other countries was as dear to his as the cause of India's Independence. He made the Indian people aware of the developments in the world and helped in forging links with the people for fighting for freedom and democracy in other countries. He said that freedom could be secure unless every nation was free. In 1927, the congress of oppressed Nationalities was held in Brussless (Belgium). Nehru attended this congress. The congress was called to coordinate and plan a common struggle against imperialism. Nehru was elected to the Executive Council of the League against Imperialism that was born at this congress.
With the rise of fascism, the Indian nationalist leaders were aware of the danger it posed to the freedom of other countries and to peace. They supported the people of Spain who were fighting to defend themselves against fascism. People of many countries volunteered to fight the fascist forces in Spain and formed the International Brigade. Jawaharlal Nehru along with V.K. Krishna Menon went to Spain and extended the support of the Indian people to the people of Spain. Nehru even refused to meet Mussolini, the dictator of Italy when the later expressed desire to meet him. Thus Nehru became a champion of freedom and democracy all over the world.
When the British government put the three officers of the INA Shah Nawaz Khan, PK. Sehgal and G.S. Dhillon on trial at Red fort in Delhi for the crime of fighting against the British forces, Jawaharlal Nehru along with Kailash Nath Katju and Tej Bahadur Sapru went there to defend those INA officers. Nehru suffered nine terms of imprisonment totalling over nine years. He became the first Prime Minister of Free India and remained the Prime Minister of India for Seventeen years till his death on 27 May, 1964.
Nehru played a constructive role in India's freedom struggle. In his political philosophy, he was a true disciple of Gandhi and fully subscribed to his doctrine of non­violence. Gandhi had full faith in Nehru and indicated that after his death Nehru would be his heir and would keep up his faith in non-violence and lead the nation along its path. As a British political scientist put it, "Even his enemies could never accuse him of thinking in any but national terms; caste, creed, town, tongue - none of these loyalties meant anything to him, it was India first and India last". For Nehru Independence had to go beyond mere political independence. He was strongly committed to change and development, the building of an equitable and egalitarian, just, democratic and socialist society. He tried all his life to link his dual commitment to natioanalism and socialism.

Complete biography of Subash Chandra Bose (1897-1945)

Subash Chandra Bose was the greatest revolutionary and the most colourful figure of the Indian Freedom Movement. He was a great nationalist and patriotism was the essence of his personality. In the galaxy of nationalist leaders of India, his name shines like the pole star. His contribution to the Freedom struggle of India remains a source of perpetual inspiration for the generations to come. In the words of N. C. Bose, "Subash Chandra Bose's grand scheme of India's liberation and the high idealism of the I.N.A. movement inspired the people of India in an unprecedented manner. The organization of the Azad Hind Forces and their exploits are a milestone in the history of the Indian struggle for independence."

Early Life (1897-1921) :

Subash Bose was born on 23rd January, 1897 at cuttack in Orissa. He started his primary education at Cuttack and passed the Matriculation Examination from Ravenshaw Collegiate School. Then he proceeded to Calcutta and joined the Presidency College. While in College, he came to limelight with the Efoaten incident in which a European professor, who used to denigrate Indian culture was assaulted by him. Subash was expelled from the college and later he had a brilliant educational career at Calcutta University. There he joined the University unit of the territorial army, a training which proved quite helpful to him later. In 1919, he graduated with First Class Honours in Philosophy and was sent to U. K. to compete for the much coveted Indian Civil Service. He successfully passed the ICS examination in 1920 occupying fourth position. But being a patriot to the core of his heart he did not want to show allegiance to the British by remaining in the service. In 1921 he resigned from the civil service to join the freedom struggle. He had been tremendously inspired by the writings of Vivekananda and Aurobindo.

Bose and the Congress Movement (1921-1939) :

Subash met the 'Mahatma' and decided to join the Non co-operation Movement in 1921. But when Gandhi decided to withdraw the movement after the chauri chaura incident he was stunned. In his words. "To sound the order of retreat just when public enthusiasm was reaching the boiling point was nothing short of a national calamity." Bose was appointed as the principal of the National College set up by Deshbandhu Chitta Ranjan Das, his mentor. In 1923 he supported the proposal of Das to carry on the struggle against the British from within the legislatures. Bose supported Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das in organising the Swaraj Party. In the election to the Calcutta corporation C. R. Das was elected the Mayor and Subash Bose was appointed as the chief Executive officer. This association of Subash with C. R. Das continued till the death of C. R. Das in 1925. Then he became the undisputed leader of Bengal. When the Prince of Wales visited Calcutta Subash successfully conducted the boycott of the Prince's visit and invited the wrath of the British Government. He was deported to Mandalay in 1924, but he was elected to the Bengal Legislative Council in his absence. He was released from prison due to illness.
Subash had great respect for Mahatma Gandhi but differed from him in many ideological and strategical aspects. He belonged to the left wing of the Indian Natioal Congress. Along with Jawaharlal Nehru and Srinivas Iyengar he proposed complete independence as the goal of India as against. Dominion status, proposed by the Nehru report of 1928. At the Lahore Congress in 1929 he demanded a socialist programme along with a constructive programme. At the Karachi Congress of 1931 he stood for a socialist Republic and wanted both political freedom as well as economic emancipation. Economic plannings, land reforms, basic education and basic civil liberties were to be the framework of future congress programme. Subash stayed in Europe from 1933 to 1936. During his stay he tried to educate the public opinion against the exploitative British imperialism. He had to suffer imprisonment many times.
Subash was the president of the All India Trade Union Congress, the Youth Congress and other organisations. He represented the young and extremist element in the congress. He was elected president of the Indian National Congress in 1938 and was re-elected again in 1939 even against the wishes of Gandhiji. He wanted a second term so that the nationalists could take the advantage of the British pre-occupation elsewhere because of the imminent war. But he resigned from the presidenship because many members of the congress working committee did not like his method of work and ideology.

Foundation of Forward Bloc and organisation of INA :

After resigning from the congress Subash founded the Forward Bloc in May, 1939. According to Subash Bose, the Forward Bloc was intended to be a radical and progressive party within the congress, with a view to rallying the entire left wing under one banner." The difference between Subash and Gandhi was so wide that therewas no question of compromise. Bose was a critic of Gandhian political ideas and technique. Very soon the Forward Bloc became a separate enlity. Forward Bloc under Bose's leadership started a vigorous movement against the British government with the outbreak of the second world war. When the war began, he argued that 'British difficulties were India's opportunity, an idea not liked by congress leadership.

Subash met Savarkar at Bombay on June 22, 1940 and the latter advised him to leave India, organise the Indian forces at Europe and attack British India as soon as Japan declared war. On 2nd July, 1940 he was arrested under Defence of India Rules. He took the decision for a hunger strike and wrote a letter to the British Government stating." The individual must die, so that the nation may live. Today I must die so that
India may win freedom and glory'. He began his fast on 29th November, 1940 and on health ground he was released on 5h December, 1940. But he was interned in his house at Calcutta under strict police surveillance. Subash escaped from Calcutta on 17th January 1941 eluding the police vigilance. The story of his exape from the country is an epic of adventure. After escaping from India Subash passed through peshawar, Kabul and Moscow and finally reached Berlin on 28th March 1941. In the guise of Maulavi he was able to escape the vigilant eyes of the police. With the help of Italian embassy Subash got a passport in the name of Orlando Majjota and reached Germany.
In Germany he tried to raise an Indian legion. The Indian community in Germany acclaimed him as their leader 'Netaji' and greeted him with 'Jai Hind'. From Berlin radio he frequently urged his countrymen to rise in arms against the British. Bose's escape to Germany had made a great impression on Gandhiji. Though he had not formally approved many of his actions, now he admired the courage and resourcefulness of Subash in making his escape from India.
The victory of Japan in the middle of the second world war led Subash to think that South-East Asia would be a more suitable ground for raising a national army to free India. Rash Behari Bose, who had settled in Japan since 1915 organised a conference in Tokyo in March 1942 and another in Bangkok in June 1942. Out of these conferences the Indian Independence League was born and it was decided to form an Indian National Army for the liberation of India from British subjection. A Council of Action was formed with Rash Behari Bose as its President and Mohan Singh as commander-in-chief of the Army. But the high-handed attitude of Mohan Singh led to his arrest and Rash Behari assumed the leadership.
The Bangkok conference had sent an invitation to Subash Bose to come to East Asia. After a long sea journey he reached Tokyo on 13th June 1943. The Japanese authorities promised to extend help to Bose to expel the British from India and to enable India to achieve full independence. Then Subash went to Singapore where he was offered the leadership of the Indian National Army and the Presidentship of the Indian Independence League. In organising an army of about 60,000 Indian troops Subash received great help from Japan. He proceeded to organise the provisional Government of Free India as well as the Indian National Army. He stirred the INA in the following words. "In this final march to freedom you will have to face hunger, privation, forced marches and death only when you pass this test will freedom be yours."
Acclaimed as 'Netaji' Subash gave the clarion call "Give me blood and I promise you freedom." He gave the battle cry of 'March to Delhi or 'Delhi chalo' on 21st October 1943 Subash established the provisional Government of Free India, which was recognised within few days by Japan, Germany, Italy, Burma, Thailand, China. The object was to bring about the expulsion of the British and their Allies from the soil of India. The provisional Government acquired its first Indian territory when Japan handed over Andaman and Nicober islands to it on 6th November 1943. The territories were named as 'Sahid' and 'Swaraj' island respectively. Subash called upon the Indian people to 'rally round our banner and to strike for India's freedom'. The INA brigad assisted by the Japanese army advanced upto the Indian border. The Indian flag was hoisted in Kohima in March 1944. The INA carried on a heroic campaign against the Allied Forces. Netaji moved from one battle field to another. He often flew from Tokyo to Manila to Singapore to Rangoon. Unfortunately on one such trip to Tokyo on 18th August, 1945 Bose was severely injured in a plane crash in Formosa (Taiwan) and died. But there is no clear evidence of his death at the Taihaku airport. His death remained a mystery.
With the defeat of Japan in the war, the INA too met with reverses. The Surrender of Germany on 7th May, 1945, bombing over Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6th and 9th August, 1945 and the reported death of Subash Bose broke the backbone of the INA. Many INA officers were taken as prisoners. But the saga of Subash Bose and INA still remains a great source of inspiration for the youths of India.
The epic struggle of Subash Bose and INA against British colonialism occupies an unchallenged place in the history of freedom struggle in India. Subash Bose being a man of action was convinced of the historic necessity of an armed uprising for achievement of freedom. Although many people have criticised Subash for taking the help of fasicist and Nazist power to gain independence, his patriotism is beyond comparison. For his burning patriotism, his devotion to the cause of Indian freedom and his intense suffering for the sake of his country (he was imprisoned ten times and was in jail for eight years), Subash will always be hailed as a national hero. Apart from the memory of the INA, the lasting gift of Netaji is our national salutation 'Jai Hind'.

An Essay on Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru

Essay Introduction:

There is hardly any one who has not heard the name of Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru. Most of us had seen him with our own eyes. He was our first Prime Minister. He was an international figure. He was known all over the world. He was the maker of modern India.

His Birth and Parentage:

Pandit Nehru was born at Allahabad in 1889 on 14^th November. His father Motilala Nehru was a successful lawyer. He was a rich man. He brought up his son as a prince. He kept most efficient teacher to coach him.

His Education:

He passed his boyhood under the care of the best teachers. At the age of 15 he was sent to England for higher studies. There he joined the public school at Harrow. From this school he went to the Cambridge University. He took his degree in 1910. The he joined law. He was called to the bar in 1912. He returned to India. He began to practice at the Allahabad High Court. He was married at the age of 27.

Work in the Political Field:

In those days India was not a free country. The British ruled over it. The English treated Indians badly. This pained the patriotic heart of Jawahar Lal very much. He gave up his practice and his life of luxury. He joined the Non-cooperation Movement started by Mahatma Gandhi. He was sent to jail several times. He suffered punishment cheerfully. The hardships of jail could not crush his spirit. He continued the struggle bravely. He acted as Congress President in four different years. When India became free on August 15, 1947, he was selected as the first Prime Minister.

His Work as the Prime Minister:

Pt. Nehru was a successful Prime Minister. India made great progress under his guidance. Dr. Rajendra Prasad our late President, acknowledge his services when he said “The country is marching forward on the road of progress in the leadership of Panditiji”. He did a lot for the good of the World. Had Pt. Nehru lived some years more, the country would have reached its old height of glory. He solved some very difficult problems of the country as well as the world.

His Death:

China attacked India in 1962. This attack told upon his health. He never expected that China would prove treacherous. He had heart attack on 27 May 1964 and he passed away from this world. The entire world wept over his death.

His Character:

Pt. Jawahar Lal was a great statesman. He was a very good writer and speaker. He wrote many famous books. His speeches were very impressive. He was a great friend of the poor. He was the servant of the people in real sense. He worked day and night for the good of the country. He loved justice and truth.

Conclusion:

Nehru was a true lover of peace. He laid down five principles called punch shila. He declared that peace could be maintained in the world if all the nations followed these principles. May his should find abode in Paradise!

Mahatama Gandhi Essay

¤ A Great Legend Also Known As The Father Of Nations


Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, better known as Mahatma Gandhi and the Father of the Indian Nation, was born on the 2nd October, 1869. The day is a national holiday marked by a series of cultural events organised each year to commemorate the birth of one of India’s greatest political beacons. On this day, bhajans, or devotional songs are sung at his samadhi, or memorial, in Delhi called Raj Ghat. The key figures of contemporary Indian politics take time off from their usually packed schedules to visit his memorial and silently go over the Mahatma’s life and its impact on the destiny of India.


¤ Gandhiji Also Knowan As Father of India

For the average Indian, it could be just another holiday. But the average Indian lives in a country where every town and city has at least one road, one market, one statue and one park named after Gandhi. The average Indian has written essays on the Mahatma in school, and pored over his contribution to India’s independence in History classes. While most historical personalities in India’s checkered history, no matter how dynamic, could inspire only a fraction of the population, Gandhi connected with Indians at their own level, their caste, creed, sex or status notwithstanding, and was aptly christened bapu or father. To strike a cord in the heart of an average Indian, when the average Indian is classified as a Brahmin, Kshatriya or Shudra, (levels of castes in Hinduism established as early as the pre-Vedic era), or is a Tamilian, Punjabi or Marathi, a speck in a nation that spouts at least 17 different languages, is no mean feat. Perhaps no other historical figure in India  has enjoyed such a rare distinction. This was Gandhi’s forte, alone.

This is not to say that hagiographers could be summoned, and Gandhi is above criticism. In fact, the man attracted criticism, and continues to do so, like a bee is drawn to honey. But few would have beheld the man and his philosophy, without yielding both a reaction.

Gandhi hardly needs an introduction. A voluminous literature has gone into studying the man who became the Mahatma or ‘great soul’. His personal writings add up to ninety large volumes.


¤ A Brief History

Born in 1869, in Porbandar in the state of Gujarat into a Vaishya (merchant class) family, Gandhi was married at the age of 13 to Kasturba. He was an average student who studied law in England from 1888 to 1891. Before leaving India, his mother made him promise that he would abstain from meat, alcohol and sex. The years passed soon and Gandhi was back in Mumbai. It was time for his first and only case as a lawyer in India, and the man stood ineptly tongue-tied in court. The writing was on the wall, and Gandhi lost the case. His uncles packed him off to South Africa in 1893 to work for an Indian merchant involved in a civil suit.


¤ The Beginning of Struggle In Africa

The turning point in Gandhi's life begin in South Africa. He found himself in the midst of an intimidated and oppressed Indian community that was the butt of racial discrimination. Only too aware of his own shortcomings, Gandhi struggled to overcome his personal inhibitions, and worked towards uniting the South African Indians to protest against discrimination and racial bias. After a few brief spells in prison, he succeeded in getting the local governance to relax its laws for the first time in 1908, then again in 1914.

He withdrew his children from a regular school and established a farm at Phoenix in 1904 where he endeavored to build a community based on the combined philosophies of John Ruskin, Leo Tolstoy and Henry Thoreau whom he called a true American. Around the same time, he started a correspondence with Tolstoy. In 1906 he took a vow of celibacy. He lived in South Africa for 20 years and it would not be out of line to believe that the nature of his work in South Africa inspired him to achieve the near impossible back home, where Gandhi was already a name to reckon with.


¤ Gandhi's Fight For Indian Freedom

He finally returned to India in 1915. Instead of breezing into Indian politics, he thought it necessary to travel across India, and had the first adult up-close-and-personal experience of his country. What he saw was an India crippled by poverty and ignorance, and the apathetic handling of the country’s affairs by the British. Appalled by an abject India, he set up the Sabarmati Ashram near Ahmedabad and went on to live there in quest of his Holy Grail. But peace was hard to come by when his country folk were at the mercy of feudal lords, and colonisation as a phenomenon was rearing its ugly head in various pockets of the world. His quintessential need to see the world at peace spearheaded him into the whirlpool of politics, after which there was, of course, no looking back. and the once tongue-tied lawyer would kindle a nation’s imagination and shape its history.


¤ The Swadeshi Movement

That he was an ace economist, theologian, politician and sociologist is evident from his mastery and handling of each of these branches of knowledge. and his dialogue with the Indians and the British was based on a personal discourse that emerged at the crossroad of these disciplines. With an unparalleled understanding of the needs, wants and beliefs of the neglected and forgotten Indians, 80% of whom lived in villages, Gandhi was ready to make a difference. The Swadeshi Movement that exhorted the people of India to wear khadi (home-spun cotton) and shun European goods as the first step towards self-reliance, is just one of the numerous revolutions he engineered successfully. But the remarkable quality about Gandhi, and perhaps the reason of his sorrow, was that in spite of his obvious practical good sense, he ached for the ideal. His standards proved to be, more often than not, too high for the world around him.



¤ A Great Philosopher

He increasingly tended towards asceticism, and believed in Thoreau’s philosophy of complete self-reliance and the dignity of labour, wearing a khadi loincloth and a shawl that he had woven himself. The spinning wheel that he worked on religiously every day is profoundly symbolic of the Mahatma and his beliefs to this day. Deeply aggrieved by the unyielding caste system in his country, he worked all his life for the upliftment of the ones he called Harijans (Children of God). His innate belief in the goodness in life and the spirituality enshrined in each human being was unshakable. He dreamt of a free and self-reliant India, where Christians, Hindus, Muslims and Harijans would live in harmony and work towards a better world.

Perhaps the most profound of his philosophies was his quest for truth, an untainted non-sectarian truth, universal in appeal. He found this aspect in ahmisa, roughly translated as non-violence. He believed in and practised ahimsa in thoughts, words, and actions that sprung from a love for mankind that lay beyond the continent of calculations and rewards – a personal philosophy inspired by the Bhagavad Gita considered as perhaps the most lucid representation of Hinduism, and by many as the most sacred book of the Hindus.


¤ End of The Legendary Hero

Gandhi led the Congress for a period of 25 years, and during this time the party truly came to represent united India’s struggle for freedom. Gandhi’s charisma caught the imagination of millions. Villagers and city dwellers, men, women and children rallied behind the Congress as it led India’s march towards freedom from the British. Freedom came, but at a price. A nation was partitioned to yield a Hindu-dominated India and a Muslim-dominated Pakistan. Gandhi opposed the partition that left millions dead, mutilated and homeless, bitterly till the end. By upholding the cause of the Muslims and Harijans, he alienated himself from the Hindu majority. and on January 30^th 1948, in an India that was finally free, a Brahman named Nathuram Godse walked right upto Gandhi and  shot him at point-blank range.

Both India and Pakistan continue to be plagued by the repercussions of partition till this day. That Gandhi was assassinated by a man who regarded him as a saint but could not live with his ideals, and that Gandhi hankered after the ideal in a practical world far-removed from ideality, shall forever remain a paradox.